بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

القسم الأول من كتابي الأول بعنوان :

حضارة  السواك الخالدة   )

السواك في أوراق البحث العلمي

توصيات منظمة الصحة العالمية باستخدام السواك ( من موقع طب أسنان في أحد جامعات أستراليا )

Miswak or chewing sticks, which involve the practice of chewing the end of a stick

obtained from various plants, is commonly used in some areas of India (Boghani, 1971).

Recently, the World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended and encouraged

the use of these sticks as an effective tool for oral hygiene. There are studies investigating

the chemical contents of the extracts of miswak. Tannins and resins have an astringent

effect on mucous membranes. Alkaloids and sulfur tend to aid its antibacterial effect.

Chloride contents help to remove plaque and tartar stains. Vitamin C contributed to the

healing and the repair of the tissues. In India, chewing sticks are obtained from the

plant Salvadora-persica. In clinical trials in India, chewing sticks are found to be effective

in removing plaque from the facial surfaces of teeth while they are ineffective on lingual

and palatal surfaces of teeth (Boghani, 1991). Few clinical trails have shown that

plaque removing efficacy of manual tooth brushing is superior to miswak. Thus, the

use of chewing sticks and herbs is quite prevalent amongst rural populations in India,

as a tool for cleaning the teeth.

The maintenance of interproximal gingival health is an integral part of preventive

periodontics. As such, attention is being drawn to inter-dental area. In India, it has

been observed that the proxa brush is better as an interproximal cleaning aid than

dental floss, tooth picks or other interproximal cleansing aids.

**************

من موقع الباب ميد

بحث علمي يشير لقضية تراجع اللثة مع استعمال السواك ويقترح مزيد من البحث العلمي لهذا الموضوع  ...وهو ما أشار له الرسول الكريم ربما في قوله ( حتى خشيت أن أدرد ) أن تتساقط أسنانه عليه الصلاة والسلام من كثرة التسوك ..

A retrospective study on the relationship between miswak chewing stick and periodontal health.
 


Eid MA, Selim HA.

Chewing sticks have been used for centuries as a tooth cleaning device. One of the most commonly used types is known as the miswak. Despite its wide use, few studies have examined its effects on the gingival health. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between miswak and gingival health in terms of pocket depths, periodontal disease severity and gingival recession. The incisors, canines and premolars were examined in a total of 264 patients who were seen for routine periodontal treatment. Information regarding the use of the miswak, oral hygiene habits, as well as clinical measurements of pocket depth, periodontal disease and gingival recession were obtained from patients charts. Patients were divided into two groups: a miswak group and a Toothbrush group. The results of this study indicated that the use of miswak may influence periodontal health and may be considered as a factor contributing to gingival recession. It is suggested that additional research is needed to examine the relationship between miswak and periodontal health.

 

 

والسواك ورد في كثير من صفحات المراكز المختصة بالبحث العلمي ولكنني أبدأها بما يهتم بمستقبل النباتات الاقتصادية على الأرض من خلال تحليل ورضد لعدد أوراق البحث العلمي المقدمة سنوياً ( أستراليا )

من صفحة المحاصيل الاقتصادية الجديدة في أستراليا

في هذه الصفحة ذكر أهم الأبحاث التي أجريت علىالسواك في العالم من فترة 1970 - 1996

وأهم الملاحظات التي قرأتها ودونتها بنظرة إجمالية من هذه البحوث هي :

1- وجود عدة أبحاث تركز على خاصيته في قتل الجراثيم ( ولعل هذا أهم خاصية لجذوره المغليه في االماء إذا شربت كما أوردت الأحاديث والآثار)

2- خواصة الهائلة في تحمل الجفاف وتثبيت التربة ( مقاوم للتصحر " راجع مشروع بلدية أبو ظبي في مقاومة التصحر بمليوني شجرة آراك عبر 14 سنة )

3- بحث هندي حول تأثيره في قتل يرقات البعوض ( وهذا يعني أن إمكانية علاج الملاريا وقائياً ربما تمر عبر استزراعه في المستنقعات كما تفعل بلدية أبو ظبي في السبخات المالحة حول العين وأبو ظبي ) !!!

4- يبدو أن ثمر الآراك ( الكباث ) يشكل طعام مهم لبعض الطيور النادرة

5- تأثير قاتل للفطور مع تأثير معاكس للسجائر على الأوعية ( موسع للأوعية)

6- بحث هندي عن ملائمته للحزام الساحلي الملحي للبحار !! ( وهذا ما كنت أقوله )

 

 

Salvadora persica

Analysis of numbers of papers/mentions over time (Agricola database 1970-1996):

 

:

Source: AGRICOLA database (1970-1996)

Common Name(s): mustard tree syn tooth-brush tree
Crop Use(s): fruit=spice/herb/condiment=vegetable
Reference Source(s): sturtevant
Number of Papers/Mentions: 19

 

References (Biological Abstracts 1988-2000):

[These references are from the Biological Abstracts database and are courtesy of SilverPlatter Information. For more information re SilverPlatter, go to www.silverplatter.com. References are listed alphabetically by author within years, with most recent references first; addresses of author(s) have been included when available. To search within this page, we suggest using Find in Page, within the Edit menu of the Web Browser.]

Darout, I. A., J. M. Albandar, et al. (2000). Periodontal status of adult Sudanese habitual users of miswak chewing sticks or toothbrushes. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. Feb. 58(1): 25-30. {a} Laboratory of Oral Microbiology, University of Bergen, Armauer Hansen Building, N-5021, Bergen, Norway

 

Darout, I. A., A. A. Christy, et al. (2000). Identification and quantification of some potentially antimicrobial anionic components in miswak extract. Indian Journal of Pharmacology. Feb. 32(1): 11-14. {a} Department of Chemistry, Agder College, Kristiansand, Norway

 

Gehlot, D. and A. Bohra (2000). Toxic effect of various plant part extracts on the causal organism of typhoid fever. Current Science Bangalore. [print] 78(7): 780-781. {a} Department of Botany, J.N. Vyas University, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, 342 001, India

 

Kamil, M., F. Ahmad, et al. (2000). Isolation and identification of a flavonol glycoside using high speed counter current chromatographic technique from the leaves of Salvadora persica. Pakistan Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research. [print] August 43(4): 255-257. {a} Department of Pharmacognostical Sciences, Zayed Complex for Herbal Research and Traditional Medicine, Ministry of Health, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

 

Leonard, J. (2000). Flora and vegetation of Jebel Uweinat (Libyan Desert: Libya, Egypt, Sudan). Fourth part. General considerations on the flora and the vegetation. Systematics and Geography of Plants. [print] 70(1): 3-73. {a} Jardin botanique national de Belgique, Domaine de Bouchout, B-1860, Meise, Belgium

 

Maggio, A., M. P. Reddy, et al. (2000). Leaf gas exchange and solute accumulation in the halophyte Salvadora persica grown at moderate salinity. Environmental and Experimental Botany. [print] August 44(1): 31-38. {a} Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, 1165 Horticulture Building, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-1165, USA

 

Almas, K. and B. N. H. Al (1999). The antimicrobial effects of bark and pulp extracts of miswak, Salvadora persica. Biomedical Letters 60(235): 71-75. {a} Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11545, Saudi Arabia

 

Galati, E. M., M. P. Germano, et al. (1999). Anti-ulcerogenic evaluation of the Persian tooth brush tree (Salvadora persica). Pharmaceutical Biology. Dec. 37(5): 325-328. {a} Pharmaco-Biological Department, School of Pharmacy, University of Messina, Vill. SS. Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy

 

Rao, G. G., V. N. Polra, et al. (1999). Growth and development of Salvadora persica on highly saline black soils: Salt tolerance during immature phase. Indian Journal of Plant Physiology. July Sept 4(3): 152-156. {a} Regional Research Station, Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, WALMI Campus, Anand, 388001, India

 

Al, B. N. H. (1998). Effect of benzylisothiocyanate on the growth and acid production of Candida albicans. Biomedical Letters 58(230): 139-145. {a} Coll. Dent., King Saud Univ., PO Box 60169, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia

 

de, S. M. and S. P. U. Premachandra (1998). An ecological study of the sand-dune vegetation of the Ruhuna National Park, Sri Lanka. Journal of South Asian Natural History. Nov. 3(2): 173-192. {a} Department of Zoology, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka

 

Tripathi, Y. C., M. Rathore, et al. (1998). Variability in certain qualitative characters of fatty oil from seeds of Salvadora spp. Advances in Plant Sciences 11(2): 253-257. Non-Wood Forest Prod. Div., Arid Forest Res. Inst., Jodhpur 342 005, India

 

Almas, K., B. N. H. Al, et al. (1997). In vitro antimicrobial effects of extracts of freshly cut and 1-month-old miswak (chewing stick). Biomedical Letters 56(223-224): 145-149. {a} Dep. Preventive Dental Sciences, King Saud Univ., Coll. Dentistry, P.O. Box 60169, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia

 

Cowlishaw, G. and J. G. Davies (1997). Flora of the Pro-Namib Desert Swakop River catchment, Namibia: Community classification and implications for desert vegetation sampling. Journal of Arid Environments 36(2): 271-290. {a} Dep. Anthropol., University Coll. London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK

 

Devi, P., W. Solimabi, et al. (1997). Toxic effects of coastal and marine plant extracts on mosquito larvae. Botanica Marina 40(6): 533-535. {a} Natl. Inst. Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa 403 004, India

 

Harfi, H. A. and M. Lundberg (1997). Meswak, a novel allergen. Allergy Copenhagen 52(4): 474-475. {a} Sect. Allergy Clin. Immunol., MBC-58, King Faisal Specialist Hosp. Res. Cent., P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia

 

Hattab, F. N. (1997). Meswak: The natural toothbrush. Journal of Clinical Dentistry 8(5): 125-129. {a} Dep. Restorative, Jordan Univ. Sci. Technol., Irbid, Jordan

 

Rao, G. G. and V. R. Babu (1997). Leaf epicuticular wax of Salvadora persica grown on saline black soils. Indian Journal of Plant Physiology 2(4): 290-292. Central Soil Salinity Res. Inst., Regional Res. Station, Anand 388 001, Gujarat, India

 

Al, S. D. A. A. and B. N. H. Al (1996). A study of the antimicrobial activity of the miswak ethanolic extract in vitro. Biomedical Letters 53(212): 225-238. {a} Dental Dep., Riyadh Armed Forces Hosp., Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

 

El, D. M. A. (1996). Vegetation-environment relationships along the Red Sea Coastal Desert, Saudi Arabia. Egyptian Journal of Botany 36(1): 71-89. {a} Bot. Dep., Fac. Sci., Mansoura Univ., Mansoura, Egypt

 

Helmy, M. A., A. A. Moustafa, et al. (1996). Distribution behaviour of seven common shrubs and trees growing in South Sinai, Egypt. Egyptian Journal of Botany 36(1): 53-70. {a} Bot. Dep., Fac. Sci., Suez Canal Univ., Ismailia, Egypt

 

Kumar, S. and S. I. Ahmed (1996). Salvadora persica: A new host record for Catopsilia crocale Cram. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). Indian Forester 122(1): 83-84. Div. Forest Protection, Arid Forest Res. Inst., Jodhpur, India

 

Moustafa, A. E. R. A., W. R. H. A. El, et al. (1996). Phenology, germination and propagation of some wild trees and shrubs in South Sinai, Egypt. Egyptian Journal of Botany 36(1): 91-107. {a} Bot. Dep., Fac. Sci., Suez Canal Univ., Ismailia, Egypt

 

Perveen, A. and M. Qaiser (1996). Pollen flora of Pakistan: VI. Salvadoraceae. Pakistan Journal of Botany 28(2): 151-154. Dep. Bot., Univ. Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan

 

Rodman, J. E., K. G. Karol, et al. (1996). Molecules, morphology, and Dahlgren's expanded order Capparales. Systematic Botany 21(3): 289-307. {a} Div. Environ. Biol., Natl. Sci. Found., Arlington, VA 22230, USA

 

El, D. M. A., A. K. Hegazy, et al. (1995). Vegetation-soil relationships in Tihamah coastal plains of Jazan region, Saudi Arabia. Journal of Arid Environments 30(2): 161-174. {a} Botany Department, Faculty Science, Univ. Cairo, Giza, Egypt

 

Gupta, J. P. (1995). Developmental morphology of lead midvein galls of Salvadora persica Linn. (Salvadoraceae) incited by Thomasiniana salvadorae Rao (Cecidomyiidae: Diptera). Journal of Phytological Research 8(2): 171-176. Dep. Botany, M.L.V. Government Coll., Bhilwara 311001, India

 

Parasharya, B. M., A. G. Sukhadia, et al. (1995). The great reed warbler Acrocephalus stentoreus (Hemprich and Ehrenberg) feeding of fruits of Salvadora persica. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 92(3): 420-421. AICP Agric. Ornithology, Gujarat Agric. Univ., Anand Campus, Anand 388 110, India

 

Popp, M., R. Mensen, et al. (1995). Solutes and succulence in southern African mistletoes. Trees Berlin 9(6): 303-310. {a} Inst. Angewandte Botanik, Univ. Muenster, Hindenburgplatz 55, D-48143 Muenster, Germany

 

Stoate, C. and S. J. Moreby (1995). Premigratory diet of trans-Saharan migrant passerines in the western Sahel. Bird Study 42(2): 101-106. Game Conservancy Trust, Fordingbridge, Hants SP6 1EF, UK

 

Sundaramoorthy, S. and C. S. Rajpurohit (1995). An alternative method of leaf area measurements in some desert plants. Journal of Phytological Research 8(2): 123-128. Ecology Lab., Dep. Botany, JNV Univ., Jodhpur 342 001, India

 

Al, B. N. H., A. Idowu, et al. (1994). Effect of aqueous extract of miswak on the in vitro growth of Candida albicans. Microbios 80(323): 107-113. {a} Coll. Dent., King Saud Univ., P.O. Box 60169, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia

 

El, D. M. A., A. K. Hegazy, et al. (1994). Distribution of the plant communities in Tihamah coastal plains of Jazan region, Saudi Arabia. Vegetatio 112(2): 141-151. {a} Botany Dep., Fac. Sci., Mansoura Univ., Egypt

 

Al, S. M. S. (1993). Traditional Medicinal Plants of Saudi Arabia. American Journal of Chinese Medicine 21(3-4): 291-298. Dep. Pharmacognosy, College Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia

 

Galletti, G. C., G. Chiavari, et al. (1993). Pyrolysis/gas chromatography/ion-trap mass spectrometry of the "tooth brush" tree (Salvadora persica L.). Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 7(7): 651-655. {a} Centro Studio Conservazione Foraggi-CNR, Via Filippo Re 8, 40126 Bologna, Italy

 

Joshi, A. J., M. Krishnakumar, et al. (1993). Seasonal changes in proteins, amino acids and minerals in Salvadora persica Linn. with reference to saline habitats. Indian Journal of Plant Physiology 36(3): 202-204. Dep. Life Sci., Bhavnagar Univ., Bhavnagar-364 002, India

 

Kwan, C. Y. and Z. L. Wang (1993). Tetrandrine: A vasodilator of medicinal herb origin with a novel contractile effect on dog saphenous vein. European Journal of Pharmacology 238(2-3): 431-434. {a} Dep. Physiol., Univ. Hong Kong, Fac. Med., 5 Sassoon Rd., Hong Kong

 

Kamel, M. S., K. Ohtani, et al. (1992). Lignan glycosides from stems of Salvadora persica. Phytochemistry 31(7): 2469-2471.

 

Faye, B., M. Kamil, et al. (1990). Trace elements in feedstuffs and blood plasma of ruminants in Djibouti. Revue D'Elevage Et De Medecine Veterinaire Des Pays Tropicaux 43(3): 372-373.

 

Maliwal, G. L. and C. M. Nadiadara (1990). Suitability of Salvadora persica for saline coastal wasteland. Indian Forester 116(12): 969-973.

 

Shah, A. H., M. Tariq, et al. (1989). Cytological studies on some plants used in traditional Arab medicine. Fitoterapia 60(2): 171-173.

 

Al, B. N. H. and E. D. Weinberg (1988). Benzylisothiocyanate: A possible agent for controlling dental caries. Microbios Letters 39(155-156): 143-152.

 

Gupta, H. C., J. P. Verma, et al. (1988). Evaluation of some non-edible oils as grain protectant in wheat and their subsequent effect on germination. Indian Journal Of Entomology 50(2): 147-150.

 

Qaiser, A. S. and B. C. Sutton (1988). An addition to Avettaea (Coelomycetes) from Pakistan. Transactions Of The British Mycological Society 90(3): 491-494.

 

Gazi, M. I., A. Lambourne, et al. (1987). The antiplaque effect of toothpaste containing Salvadora persica compared with chlorhexidine gluconate: A pilot study. Clinical Preventive Dentistry 9(6): 3-8.

 

Sulaiman, M. I., M. A. Ajabnoor, et al. (1986). Effects of Salvadora persica extracts on mice exploratory locomotion activities. Journal Of Ethnopharmacology 17(3): 263-268.

 

Sutton, B. C. and S. Q. Abbas (1986). Aphanofalx irregularis, new species from Pakistan. Transactions Of The British Mycological Society 87(4): 640-642.

 

Balasubramanian, P. and P. V. Bole Fruiting phenology and seasonality in tropical dry evergreen forest in Pt. Calimere Wildlife Sanctuary. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 90(2): 163-177. Bombay Nat. Hist. Society, Hornbill House, Dr. Salim Salim Ali Chowk, S.B. Singh Rd., Bombay 400 023, India

 

اقرأ :

  1. الاختبار البحثي الأكاديمي لصحة  نظرية  " السواك الدواء والسجائر الداء  "( للدكتور رامي محمد ديابي )

  2. استعمال السواك لنظافة الفم وصحته  ( بحث علمي كويتي )

  3. السواك بين الطب و الإسلام

  4. نتائج البحث عن السواك في موسوعة البحث العلمي  المسماة باب ميد